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natural foods for kidney cleanse.

A Natural Detox Guide: Kidney Cleansing with Herbs and Vitamins

  • Kidney health is a crucial aspect of our body's internal balance, as the kidneys play a vital role in filtering waste and maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte levels.
  • Incorporating powerful herbs like dandelion, parsley, and cranberry, along with kidney-friendly vitamins and minerals, supports the natural detoxification process of the kidneys.
  • Lifestyle habits such as regular exercise, stress management, and limiting alcohol play a pivotal role in supporting kidney health.
  • Regular kidney health check-ups and professional care are essential for early detection and personalized management of kidney-related conditions.
  • By embracing a holistic approach to kidney health, individuals can empower themselves to lead vibrant lives and cherish the wonders of their inner cleansing system.

Understanding Kidney Health

The kidneys are remarkable organs that play a vital role in maintaining our bodies' overall health and well-being. Let's explore the importance of kidney health, how these essential organs function, and recognize the early signs of kidney health issues.

Importance of Kidney Health

Healthy kidneys are essential for several crucial functions in our body. They act as sophisticated filters, working tirelessly to remove waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood, which are then excreted as urine.1 This process helps maintain a delicate balance of minerals, electrolytes, and fluids within our bodies, contributing to overall homeostasis.


Aside from waste filtration, 1 the kidneys also play a significant role in the following:


  • Blood Pressure Regulation: The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by adjusting the amount of water and salt in the body. When blood pressure drops, they release hormones that stimulate water and salt retention, raising blood pressure to normal levels.
  • Red Blood Cell Production: The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to create red blood cells. These red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, supporting energy levels and overall vitality.
  • Calcium and Phosphate Balance: The kidneys control the calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. Maintaining the proper balance of these minerals is crucial for strong bones and teeth.

How Kidneys Function

Understanding how kidneys work is essential in appreciating their role in maintaining overall health.12 The basic unit of the kidney is the nephron, which consists of a filter (glomerulus) and a tubule. Here's a simplified breakdown of the kidney's functioning process:


  • Filtration: Blood enters the kidneys through tiny blood vessels, where the glomeruli act as filters. They allow waste products and excess substances, like urea, creatinine, and electrolytes, to pass through while retaining essential components like red blood cells and proteins.
  • Reabsorption: The filtered fluid (known as filtrate) then moves through the tubules, where the body reabsorbs essential substances like water, glucose, and amino acids back into the bloodstream.
  • Excretion: The remaining filtrate, concentrated waste, and excess fluids is converted into urine and transported to the bladder for storage. When you urinate, the bladder empties and the waste is expelled from the body.

Early Signs of Kidney Health Issues

Detecting kidney health issues early is crucial for timely intervention and prevention of complications.3 Some early signs and symptoms of potential kidney problems include:


  • Changes in Urination: Pay attention to changes in urination patterns, such as increased frequency, especially at night (nocturia), urgency, or difficulty urinating.
  • Blood in Urine: Hematuria, the presence of blood in urine, should never be ignored, as it can indicate various kidney issues, including kidney stones or infections.
  • Swelling: Unexplained swelling in the face, hands, feet, or ankles may indicate that the kidneys are not effectively removing excess fluid from the body.
  • Fatigue and Weakness: Kidney problems can lead to a buildup of waste products and anemia, resulting in persistent fatigue and weakness.
  • Pain or Pressure in the Kidney Area: Discomfort in the back (under the ribcage) or side can indicate kidney problems.

If you experience any of these symptoms or have concerns about your kidney health, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional promptly for proper evaluation and personalized advice.

Powerful Herbs for Kidney Cleansing and Their Benefits

Regarding supporting kidney health and promoting natural detoxification, Mother Nature offers an array of powerful herbs that have been used for centuries.4 Let's explore the benefits of these kidney-cleansing herbs and how they can contribute to optimal kidney function:


  • Dandelion - Dandelion root acts as a diuretic, supporting kidney function by increasing urine production and flushing out toxins and waste products.
  • Parsley - Rich in antioxidants and essential nutrients like vitamins A and C, parsley aids in reducing inflammation in the kidneys and supports overall kidney health.
  • Juniper Berry - Juniper berries have diuretic properties, helping the kidneys eliminate excess fluids and toxins, and are particularly beneficial for addressing water retention.
  • Horsetail - Horsetail is a natural diuretic that assists in increasing urine output, aiding in detoxification, and reducing swelling.
  • Cranberry - Cranberries contain compounds like D-Mannose that prevent bacteria from adhering to the urinary tract walls, reducing the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and supporting overall kidney health.5
  • Sambong - Widely used in traditional medicine, Sambong is known for its diuretic properties, which aid in flushing out kidney stones and toxins from the urinary system.
  • Marshmallow Root - Marshmallow root possesses soothing and anti-inflammatory properties that can help alleviate irritation and inflammation in the urinary tract and kidneys.
  • Uva Ursi - Uva Ursi contains compounds like arbutin that may help fight bacteria in the urinary tract, supporting kidney health and reducing the risk of UTIs.
  • Hydrangea - Hydrangea is believed to help dissolve kidney stones and may ease discomfort associated with kidney issues.
  • Goldenrod - Goldenrod is a diuretic herb that aids in increasing urine flow, flushing out toxins, and supporting kidney health.
  • Chanca Piedra -Chanca Piedra, also known as "Stone Breaker," is renowned for its ability to help break down kidney stones and promote their natural elimination.6
  • Celery Seed - Celery seed has diuretic properties and is believed to support kidney health by promoting urine production and reducing inflammation.

These herbs can be consumed in various forms, including teas, capsules, tinctures, or extracts. Always consult a healthcare professional before incorporating new herbs or supplements into your routine, especially if you have pre-existing kidney conditions or are taking medications.


Embrace the power of these kidney-cleansing herbs and let nature's support enhance your journey toward optimal kidney health.

DIY Kidney Cleanse at Home

Taking an active role in supporting kidney health can be empowering and rewarding. While it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice, there are simple and effective steps you can take at home to promote kidney health through a DIY kidney cleanse.79 Let's explore the importance of hydration and dietary habits that can contribute to a healthy kidney cleanse.

Importance of Hydration

Proper hydration is paramount for maintaining optimal kidney function and supporting a successful kidney cleanse.9 Water is the key to flushing out toxins and waste products from the body, ensuring the kidneys can effectively filter.


Aim to drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day to ensure you are adequately hydrated. However, individual water needs vary based on climate, physical activity level, and overall health. Listen to your body and drink when you are thirsty, but don't wait until you feel thirsty to stay hydrated.

Dietary Habits for Kidney Health

Your dietary choices support kidney health during a DIY kidney cleanse. By incorporating kidney-friendly foods and making mindful dietary adjustments, you can provide the necessary nourishment for your kidneys.7810 Consider the following dietary habits:


  1. Moderate Protein Intake: While protein is essential for body functions, excessive protein consumption can strain the kidneys. Opt for a balanced intake of lean protein sources like poultry, fish, beans, and tofu.
  2. Limit Sodium Intake: Excess sodium can raise blood pressure and burden the kidneys. Reduce your salt intake by choosing fresh foods and minimizing processed or packaged products.
  3. Choose Whole Grains: Replace refined grains with whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat, as they provide essential nutrients without overburdening the kidneys.
  4. Increase Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that support kidney health. Aim for a variety of colorful produce to get a broad range of nutrients.
  5. Moderate Potassium Intake: While potassium is essential for nerve and muscle function, excessive levels can be problematic for those with compromised kidney function. Consult your healthcare professional for personalized guidance.
  6. Limit Oxalate-Rich Foods: If you have a history of kidney stones, consider limiting foods high in oxalates, such as spinach, rhubarb, beets, and certain nuts.
  7. Avoid Excessive Alcohol and Caffeine: Limit alcohol and caffeine intake, as they can dehydrate the body and impact kidney function.

By adopting these dietary habits, you can support your kidneys in their natural cleansing process and maintain their health throughout your DIY kidney cleanse.

Boost Your Intake of Kidney-Friendly Vitamins and Minerals

Ensuring an adequate intake of kidney-friendly vitamins and minerals is a proactive approach to support your kidney health and overall well-being.11 These essential nutrients play crucial roles in maintaining kidney function and protecting against potential kidney issues. Let's explore the benefits of incorporating these kidney-friendly vitamins and minerals into your diet:


  • Vitamin B6 aids in breaking down oxalate, a compound that can lead to the formation of kidney stones. Vitamin B6 reduces the risk of stone formation by supporting oxalate metabolism and promoting healthy kidney function. It can be found in bananas, chicken, salmon, potatoes, and sunflower seeds.
  • Vitamin B2 contributes to kidney health by acting as an antioxidant, protecting the kidneys from oxidative stress and potential damage caused by free radicals. Add dairy products, almonds, spinach, and mushrooms to boost your Vitamin B2 intake.
  • Vitamin C is a potent antioxidant that supports kidney health by neutralizing harmful free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, which can contribute to kidney cell damage. It can be found in citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, and broccoli.
  • Vitamin E in nuts, seeds, spinach, and avocado is another powerful antioxidant that helps protect the kidneys from oxidative damage, maintaining their overall health and function.
  • Selenium is a trace mineral that supports kidney health through its antioxidant properties, helping to defend the kidneys against cellular damage. Boost your selenium intake with seafood, like oysters and tuna, and whole grains.
  • Magnesium contributes to maintaining a healthy balance of electrolytes and supports proper muscle and nerve function within the kidneys.
  • Omega-3s have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce inflammation in the kidneys and support overall kidney health. It can be found in fatty fish, like salmon, mackerel, and sardines, flaxseeds, and chia seeds.
  • Potassium Citrate is a specific form of potassium that can help prevent the formation of kidney stones and maintain a healthy urinary pH, reducing the risk of stone recurrence.12

Click here to learn more about how Alerna's Potassium Citrate can help support your kidney health!


By embracing a diet rich in these kidney-friendly vitamins and minerals, you can take proactive steps toward supporting your kidney health and overall wellness.

Lifestyle Habits that Support Kidney Health

Taking care of your kidneys involves more than just dietary considerations; it also requires adopting healthy lifestyle habits. Incorporating regular exercise, managing your weight, getting enough sleep, and reducing stress are essential components of promoting kidney health. Additionally, avoiding harmful habits like excessive alcohol consumption and smoking can significantly impact the well-being of your kidneys.

Regular Exercise and Weight Management

Engaging in regular physical activity not only benefits your overall health but also plays a crucial role in supporting kidney function.13 Exercise helps improve blood circulation, including to the kidneys, which aids in efficient waste removal and toxin elimination. Moreover, maintaining a healthy weight through regular exercise contributes to reducing the risk of kidney-related complications, such as high blood pressure and diabetes.


Studies have shown that maintaining an active lifestyle and managing body weight can help reduce the risk of kidney disease and its progression. Regular physical activity is associated with a lower incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and improved outcomes in individuals with kidney issues.13

Adequate Sleep and Stress Management

Getting enough quality sleep and effectively managing stress is vital for kidney health. Chronic sleep deprivation and stress can elevate blood pressure and increase inflammation in the body, potentially affecting kidney function.14 Prioritizing restful sleep and adopting stress-reduction techniques like meditation, yoga, or mindfulness can promote overall well-being, including kidney health.


Poor sleep quality and chronic stress have been linked to an increased risk of kidney disease and impaired kidney function.14 Managing stress through relaxation techniques and ensuring sufficient sleep duration may help protect kidney health.

Limiting Alcohol and Avoiding Smoking

Limiting alcohol intake is essential for kidney health, as excessive alcohol consumption can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and increased blood pressure.15 Similarly, smoking can harm blood vessels and reduce blood flow to the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste effectively. By reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption and avoiding smoking, you can protect your kidneys from potential damage.


Excessive alcohol consumption and smoking have been associated with a higher risk of kidney damage and kidney disease. Reducing alcohol intake and quitting smoking are crucial steps in safeguarding the health of your kidneys.15

How Can I Detox My Kidneys at Home?

Detoxifying your kidneys at home can be a beneficial way to support their natural cleansing process and promote overall kidney health. While the kidneys are highly efficient at filtering waste and toxins, adopting certain practices can assist in their detoxification.78


By staying hydrated, following a kidney-friendly diet, engaging in regular exercise, managing stress, getting adequate sleep. and avoiding harmful habits, you can actively contribute to the well-being of your kidneys. Always prioritize your health and consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice on maintaining kidney health and overall wellness.

Sample Three-Day Kidney Cleanse Plan

  Day 1  Day 2  Day 3
Morning

Start your day with a glass of warm water with a squeeze of fresh lemon. Lemon water can help support kidney function and aid in detoxification.

 Breakfast: Enjoy a kidney-friendly smoothie made with spinach, blueberries, a banana, and almond milk. Add a scoop of chia seeds for added nutrients.

 Herbal Tea: Sip on dandelion root tea or cranberry tea to support kidney health throughout the morning.

Drink a glass of water with a splash of cranberry juice for added kidney support.

 Breakfast: Opt for a nutrient-packed bowl of oatmeal topped with sliced strawberries and a sprinkle of chopped walnuts.

Start the day with a glass of warm water infused with a few cucumber slices. Cucumbers have natural diuretic properties that can help flush out toxins.

 Breakfast: Have whole-grain toast with smashed avocado and a poached egg on top.

Mid-Morning Munch on a handful of unsalted almonds or a small serving of Greek yogurt with berries. Have a handful of fresh baby carrots or celery sticks with hummus. Snack on a small bowl of mixed melon cubes (cantaloupe, honeydew, and watermelon).
Lunch

Prepare a colorful salad with mixed greens, cherry tomatoes, cucumbers, and sliced bell peppers. Top it with grilled chicken or tofu for protein. Dress with a light olive oil and lemon juice vinaigrette.

 Herbal Tea: Continue with herbal tea like parsley tea, which is believed to have kidney-cleansing properties.

Enjoy a whole-grain wrap filled with grilled vegetables, avocado, and lean turkey or a veggie burger. Serve with a side of mixed greens.

 Herbal Tea: Continue with herbal teas like nettle tea, which is believed to have detoxifying properties.

Prepare a quinoa salad with roasted vegetables (zucchini, eggplant, and cherry tomatoes). Drizzle with a balsamic vinaigrette for flavor.

 Herbal Tea: Enjoy a cup of marshmallow root tea, which may have anti-inflammatory properties beneficial for the kidneys.

Afternoon Slice up some fresh watermelon or enjoy a small portion of unsweetened applesauce. Snack on a small bowl of mixed berries (blueberries, raspberries, and blackberries). Grab a small serving of unsalted mixed nuts for a healthy dose of magnesium.
Evening

Dinner: Prepare baked salmon with steamed asparagus and quinoa. Season with herbs like thyme or rosemary for added flavor and kidney support.

 Herbal Tea: End the day with a soothing cup of chamomile tea to promote relaxation and better sleep.

Dinner: Prepare a vegetable stir-fry with broccoli, bell peppers, snap peas, and tofu or shrimp. Use a low-sodium soy sauce for seasoning.

 Herbal Tea: End the day with a cup of ginger tea to aid in digestion and support kidney health.

Dinner: Prepare a hearty vegetable and lentil soup. Add spices like turmeric or cumin for extra flavor and health benefits.

 Herbal Tea: End the cleanse with a calming cup of lavender tea to promote relaxation and better sleep.

Signs that a Kidney Detox is Working

Engaging in a kidney detox can lead to positive changes in your overall well-being, and your body may exhibit several signs that the detoxification process is effective.78 While individual responses may vary, here are some common signs that a kidney detox is working:

Healthy Urination

One of the primary functions of the kidneys is to filter waste and toxins from the bloodstream, eliminating them through urine. You may notice changes in your urination patterns during a successful kidney detox. Healthy urination signs include:


  • Clear and Light-Colored Urine.
  • Increased Urine Frequency.
  • No Pain or Discomfort During Urination.

Increased Energy Levels

As your kidneys work more efficiently to remove waste and toxins, you may experience a boost in energy levels. Reduced toxin buildup can help improve overall circulation and oxygen supply to your body's tissues, leading to increased vitality and less fatigue.

Clear Skin

Your skin condition is often linked to your body's internal health. During a kidney detox, you might notice improvements in your skin's appearance, such as:


  • Reduced Acne or Breakouts.
  • Improved Skin Texture.

Reduced Inflammation

Kidney health is closely related to the body's inflammatory response. A successful kidney detox may help reduce overall inflammation in the body, leading to reduced inflammation and improved joint comfort and flexibility.

Regular Kidney Health Check-ups and Professional Care

Regular kidney health check-ups and seeking professional care are crucial components of proactive healthcare, especially when it comes to maintaining optimal kidney function and preventing potential kidney issues.78


The kidneys play a vital role in filtering waste products and toxins from the blood, regulating fluid balance, and maintaining essential electrolyte levels in the body. Ensuring the health and proper functioning of the kidneys are vital for overall well-being and long-term health.


Prioritizing kidney health through regular check-ups and professional care empowers individuals to take control of their health and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.

When to See a Doctor

Knowing when to see a doctor and undergo medical tests can aid in the early detection and timely management of kidney-related conditions.3 8 Here are some indicators that prompt a visit to a healthcare professional:


1. Changes in Urination: If you notice significant changes in your urination patterns, such as increased frequency, pain or discomfort during urination, blood in the urine, or foamy urine, it may signal kidney problems.

2. Unexplained Fatigue or Weakness: Persistent fatigue and weakness, especially when accompanied by other symptoms like swelling or shortness of breath, may indicate kidney issues.

3. Swelling and Fluid Retention: Unexplained swelling in the legs, ankles, or face, along with sudden weight gain, could be signs of kidney dysfunction.

4. High Blood Pressure: If you have consistently elevated blood pressure, it can strain the kidneys and lead to kidney damage over time.

5. Family History: Regular kidney health check-ups are crucial if you have a family history of kidney disease or related conditions.

6. Chronic Conditions: Individuals with conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or heart disease should monitor kidney health regularly, as these conditions can impact kidney function.

Medical Tests for Kidney Health

Various medical tests can assess kidney health and function.16 Your healthcare professional may recommend the following tests:


  • Blood Tests: Blood tests like serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measure kidney function and detect any abnormalities.
  • Urinalysis: This test examines the urine for signs of kidney problems, such as protein, blood, or other abnormal substances.
  • Imaging Tests: Imaging techniques like ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI may be used to visualize the kidneys and identify any structural abnormalities.
  • Kidney Biopsy: In some cases, a kidney biopsy may be necessary to assess kidney tissue and diagnose certain kidney conditions.

How Professionals Can Help

Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in maintaining kidney health and managing kidney-related conditions.16 Here's how they can help:


  • Early Detection and Diagnosis: Healthcare professionals can identify kidney issues early through routine check-ups and appropriate medical tests.
  • Personalized Treatment Plans: If kidney problems are detected, professionals can develop personalized treatment plans tailored to your specific needs and condition.
  • Medication Management: For individuals with chronic kidney conditions, healthcare professionals can monitor medications and adjust dosages as needed.
  • Dietary Guidance: Professionals can provide dietary recommendations to support kidney health, especially for individuals with kidney conditions.
  • Lifestyle Counseling: Healthcare professionals can offer guidance on lifestyle habits that promote kidney health, such as exercise, stress management, and smoking cessation.

Conclusion

The journey to kidney health and natural kidney cleansing is one of empowerment and proactive care. By understanding the importance of kidney function and recognizing early signs of kidney health issues, we lay the foundation for maintaining optimal kidney health. Incorporating powerful herbs, kidney-friendly vitamins, and minerals into our diet supports the kidneys' natural detoxification process and contributes to overall well-being.


Moreover, seeking regular kidney health check-ups and professional care is crucial in safeguarding kidney function. Healthcare professionals play a pivotal role in early detection, personalized treatment plans, and lifestyle guidance, allowing us to take proactive steps toward preserving kidney health and preventing potential kidney issues. By embracing a holistic approach to wellness and nourishing our bodies with kidney-friendly habits, we unlock the true potential of nature's detoxifiers—the kidneys—and embark on a journey of lasting health and vitality.

Medical Disclaimer:

The information provided in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult with your healthcare provider before starting any new dietary supplement, especially if you are pregnant, nursing, have a medical condition, or are taking other medications. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read in this article.

References

  1. Your kidneys and how they work. (2018). Available from: niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/kidneys-how-they-work
  2. How Your Kidneys Work. (2015, December 24). National Kidney Foundation. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/howkidneyswork
  3. 10 signs you may have kidney disease. (n.d.). Kidney Care UK. https://www.kidneycareuk.org/about-kidney-health/10-signs-you-may-have-kidney-disease/
  4. Herbal Supplements and Kidney Disease. (2015, December 24). National Kidney Foundation. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/herbalsupp
  5. Ala-Jaakkola, R., Laitila, A., Ouwehand, A.C. et al. Role of D-mannose in urinary tract infections – a narrative review. Nutr J 21, 18 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-022-00769-x
  6. Pucci ND, Marchini GS, Mazzucchi E, Reis ST, Srougi M, Evazian D, Nahas WC. Effect of phyllanthus niruri on metabolic parameters of patients with kidney stone: a perspective for disease prevention. Int Braz J Urol. 2018 Jul-Aug;44(4):758-764. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2017.0521. PMID: 29617079; PMCID: PMC6092661. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6092661/
  7. 6-Step Guide to Protecting Kidney Health. (2016, January 7). National Kidney Foundation. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/sixstepshealthprimer
  8. 6 Easy Ways to Prevent Kidney Stones. (2015, December 24). National Kidney Foundation. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneystones_prevent
  9. Barry M Popkin and others, Water, hydration, and health, Nutrition Reviews, Volume 68, Issue 8, 1 August 2010, Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.
  10. Ricardo AC, Anderson CA, Yang W, Zhang X, Fischer MJ, Dember LM, Fink JC, Frydrych A, Jensvold NG, Lustigova E, Nessel LC, Porter AC, Rahman M, Wright Nunes JA, Daviglus ML, Lash JP; CRIC Study Investigators. Healthy lifestyle and risk of kidney disease progression, atherosclerotic events, and death in CKD: findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015 Mar;65(3):412-24. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4339665/
  11. The ABCs of vitamins for kidney patients. (n.d.). The ABCs of Vitamins for Kidney Patients - DaVita. https://www.davita.com/diet-nutrition/articles/basics/the-abcs-of-vitamins-for-kidney-patients
  12. Krieger NS, Asplin JR, Frick KK, Granja I, Culbertson CD, Ng A, Grynpas MD, Bushinsky DA. Effect of Potassium Citrate on Calcium Phosphate Stones in a Model of Hypercalciuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Dec;26(12):3001-8. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014121223. Epub 2015 Apr 8. PMID: 25855777; PMCID: PMC4657843. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4657843/
  13. Staying Fit With Kidney Disease. (2016, January 7). National Kidney Foundation. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/stayfit
  14. Maung SC, El Sara A, Chapman C, Cohen D, Cukor D. Sleep disorders and chronic kidney disease. World J Nephrol. 2016 May 6;5(3):224-32. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4848147/
  15. Drinking Alcohol Affects Your Kidneys. (2014, August 12). National Kidney Foundation. https://www.kidney.org/news/kidneyCare/winter10/AlcoholAffects
  16. CDC. (2022, March 24). Kidney Testing: Everything You Need to Know. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/kidneydisease/publications-resources/kidney-tests.html

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